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Figure 2. Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs as novel modulators of lung inflammation and airway remodeling in allergic asthma. EVs isolated from different sources such as bone marrow-MSCs (BM-MSCs), adipose tissues-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (iPSC-MSCs) from human and mouse tissues showed protective response by regulating lung inflammation and remodeling in allergic asthma. MSC-derived EVs contain a wide range of miRNA cargo and other proteins that regulate various aspects of inflammation and immune response in vitro and in vivo. MSC-derived EVs have been shown to suppress the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) by downregulating costimulatory molecules, preventing antigen sensitization, and by reducing inflammatory cytokine release in immune cells. Similarly, MSC-derived EVs promote Tregs differentiation, which leads to suppression of Th2 and Th17 immune response in eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β1. MSC-derived EVs improve lung function by reducing airway inflammation and remodeling during allergic asthma. This schematic was prepared from SMART (Servier Medical Art), licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 3.0 Generic License. http://smart.servier.com/.