fig1

Figure 1. Overview of EV biomarker discovery and validation for CaP personalized treatment decision. Step 1. Group different stages of CaP patients and healthy control subjects. Step 2. Collect human samples including blood, urine, and semen. Step 3. Integrate multi-omic technology including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidomics for profiling. Step 4. Select candidate biomarkers by machine learning and establish machine learning models. Step 5. Validate selected biomarkers by different methods such as WB, qRT-PCR, ELISA, PRM, and immunofluorescence in samples such as blood, urine, tissue, and cultured cell lines. Step 6. Evaluate selected biomarkers in a large set of independent patient samples. Step 7. Multi-center EV biomarker diagnosis performance verification. Step 8. Novel EV biomarkers for early diagnosis and patient grading, and for precision medicine. ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CaP: prostate cancer; EV: extracellular vesicle; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription PCR; PRM: parallel reaction monitoring; WB: western blot.