fig1

Figure 1. Strategies for EV targeting against HER2/EGFR. Pre-isolation strategies (A): manipulation of EV-producing cells to enrich targeting proteins in EVs. TM proteins (LAMP2b), TM domains (PDGR, transferrin receptor), or membrane-associated domains (C1-C2 of lactadherin) are exploited to anchor the targeting moieties to the EV membrane. Post-isolation strategies (B): EVs are directly functionalized by incubation with nanobodies or targeting peptides alone or fused to membrane-associated domains (C1-C2 of lactadherin). Post-isolation modifications also include the fusion of EVs with micelles or liposomes, forming hybrid particles. Both pre- and post-isolation approaches include scFvs, affibodies, nanobodies, DARPins, or peptides as targeting moieties. The figure was partially created on www.biorender.com.