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Figure 1. Illustration of biogenesis of EVs and MSC-EVs for ocular therapy. (A) EVs mainly include microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes based on their biogenesis. (B) EV sources and the proportion of EV sources derived from 143 clinical trials [www.clinicaltrials.gov (Accessed: August 2021)]. (C) MSC-EVs, which are used for ocular therapy, are associated with the mechanisms of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and miRNA-dependent regulation. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; MSC-EVs: mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs; ILVs: intraluminal vesicles; MVB: multivesicular body; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor A; M2: macrophage of type 2; T cells: thymus-dependent lymphocyte; Th cells: helper T cells; miRNA: microRNA.