fig5

Figure 5. Impact of EV-Aβ₄₀ on NPC mitochondrial respiratory function. (A) Schematic of the mitochondrial stress test assay. (B) OCR in untreated NPCs and NPCs exposed to EV-PBS, EV-Aβ₄₀, or Aβ₄₀ alone for 24 h and normalized to protein levels. Respiratory measurements of OCR associated with (C) basal rate, (D) maximal respiration, (E) spare respiratory capacity, (F) proton leakage, (G) non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and (H) ATP production. (I) Glycolysis is measured by ECAR in the same cells as (B-H). All graphs present the mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, n = 5 per group. EV: Extracellular vesicles; NPCs: neural progenitor cells; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; SEM: standard error of the mean.