fig2

Figure 2. MSC-Exos carry bioactive factors involved in the repair of myocardial injury. MSC-Exos contain bioactive miRNAs that mitigate cardiomyocyte injury by participating in anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-aging, and promoting M2-type macrophage differentiation. MSC-Exos carry HIF-1α to inhibit cardiomyocyte fibrosis and promote neovascularization, thereby repairing myocardial injury. p53: recombinant tumor protein p53; BAK1: Bcl2 Antagonist/Killer 1; miR: microRNA; PF: platelet factor; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α; IRAK 1: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; HMGB: high-mobility group box; Mecp2: methyl CpG binding protein 2; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.