fig5

Figure 5. The differential expression of cytokines in EXO-NET EVs in both non-periodontitis and periodontitis groups. Significantly elevated IL-6 and IL-8 and reduced IL-10 were observed in the periodontitis salivary EVs compared to the non-periodontitis group. The results were visualized using scatter dot plot graphs, presenting the median values with a 95% CI. Significance levels were indicated as * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0 .0001, indicating differences between the periodontitis and non-periodontitis groups.