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Figure 2. The generation of EVs and the characteristics of hypoxia-induced EVs in the recipient cells. EXOs originate within MVBs by budding into the endosomal membrane, resulting in the release of small vesicles within this compartment. MVBs fuse with the cell membrane to release EXOs into the extracellular space, while MVs form directly from the outward shedding of the plasma membrane. Both EVs types carry diverse cargos, including DNA, mRNA, ncRNA, proteins, and metabolites. In hypoxic cells, there is an increased release of exosomes, which play a multitude of roles upon reaching the recipient cells. Hypoxic EVs play roles in invasion, migration, angiogenesis, proliferation, immune responses, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Figure was created with
